A freestyle ski maneuver where the skier jumps into the air and performs a flip or spin.
Aerials are a specific discipline in freestyle skiing but the term generally applies to any jump involving inversion. Competitors launch off steep 'kickers' (jumps) that are nearly vertical (up to 70 degrees). Judges score based on air, form (execution of the trick), and landing. Common tricks include backflips, corks, and complicated twisting somersaults.
Aerials
A specific Olympic freestyle skiing discipline involving acrobatic jumps off steep ramps.
Distinct from 'Big Air', Aerials is performed on a specialized course with specific kickers. Skiers perform double or triple backflips with twists (e.g., 'Full-Double Full-Full'). It requires immense gymnastic ability and spatial awareness. Landings are done on a steep, chopped landing hill to absorb the impact.
Alpine combined
A racing discipline that consists of one run of Downhill or Super-G and one run of Slalom.
This event tests the versatility of a skier, requiring both the speed and gliding ability for the speed event and the technical agility for the slalom. The winner is determined by the lowest aggregate time of both runs.
Alpine skiing
The sport of sliding down snow-covered hills on skis with fixed-heel bindings.
Often referred to simply as downhill skiing, it contrasts with Nordic skiing (free heel). It evolved from utilitarian transportation to a recreational activity and competitive sport in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It encompasses various disciplines from grooming cruising to competitive racing.
Alpine skis
Skis specifically designed for downhill skiing where the toe and heel of the boot are fixed to the ski during the descent.
Modern alpine skis feature varying profiles such as camber, rocker, or a hybrid of both, catering to specific terrain. They generally have metal edges and a sidecut radius designed to facilitate turning when the ski is tipped on edge.
Angulation
The lateral movement of the knees and hips towards the slope to increase the edge angle of the skis while maintaining balance.
Crucial for carving. It involves creating angles in the body (typically at the knee, hip, and spine) to resist the centrifugal force of a turn. Proper angulation allows the upper body to remain stable and 'quiet' while the lower body does the work, preventing the skier from leaning too far inside and slipping out.
Anti-friction device (AFD)
A mechanical component located on the toe piece of a ski binding that allows the boot to slide sideways during a release.
The AFD minimizes friction between the boot sole and the binding plate. Without it, the downward pressure of the skier could prevent the boot from releasing laterally during a twisting fall. It can be a sliding belt or a Teflon pad.
Anticipation
The mental and physical preparation for the next turn while finishing the current one.
Physically, this often involves facing the upper body downhill (counter-rotation) as the skis finish a turn across the hill. This winds up the muscles in the torso, creating potential energy that helps initiate the new turn smoothly.
Après-ski
French for 'after ski'. Social activities and entertainment following a day of skiing, usually involving drinks and music.
Après-ski culture is an integral part of the ski holiday. In Austria, it's known for Schlager music and dancing in ski boots; in France and Switzerland, it might be more culinary focused. It bridges the gap between the last run and dinner.
Avalanche
A rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface.
Avalanches are the primary hazard in backcountry skiing. They occur when the stress on the snowpack exceeds its strength. Types include 'slab avalanches' (most deadly, where a cohesive plate breaks off) and 'loose snow avalanches' (sluffs). Triggers can be natural (sun, new snow weight) or artificial (skiers).
Avalanche airbag
A backpack with an inflatable balloon system deployed to prevent burial in an avalanche.
Using the principle of inverse segregation (Brazil nut effect), the inflated airbag increases the skier's volume, helping them rise to the surface of the moving snow debris.
Avalanche beacon / Transceiver
A radio device used to locate buried victims or to be located in case of burial.
Operates on 457 kHz. It has two modes: Transmit (Send) and Receive (Search). Every backcountry skier must wear one. Modern digital beacons use three antennas to give distance and direction arrows.
Backcountry
Skiing terrain that is outside of controlled resort boundaries and not patrolled or groomed.
Also called 'off-piste' (though off-piste can be near lifts). Backcountry requires self-reliance, navigation skills, and avalanche safety knowledge. Skiers usually access it by hiking/touring or via helicopter/snowcat.
Backcountry skis
Skis designed for touring, typically lightweight for the ascent with specific features for skin attachment.
These skis strike a balance between weight (for climbing efficiency) and downhill performance. They often feature notches for skins and use carbon or paulownia wood cores.
Backseat
A common skiing error where the skier's weight is too far back on the heels.
Skiing 'in the backseat' results in a loss of steering control because the tips of the skis are unweighted and cannot engage the snow. It is extremely tiring for the quadriceps (thigh burn) and makes recovering from bumps difficult.
Balaclava
Full headgear covering the head, neck, and often parts of the face.
Used for cold protection. Thin versions fit under helmets; thicker fleece versions are for extreme cold. They prevent frostbite and windburn.
Banked turn
A turn made on a slope that is curved up at the sides, like a bobsled track.
Common in ski cross courses and some terrain parks. The skier can use the bank to maintain speed and generate high G-forces without skidding.
Base
The bottom surface of the ski made of P-Tex.
The base material is polyethylene. It is porous to absorb wax. Bases are either extruded (cheaper, easier to repair) or sintered (faster, harder, holds more wax).
Base area
The bottom of the ski resort where lodges, parking, and main lifts are located.
The hub of resort operations, usually containing ticket windows, rental shops, ski school meeting points, and après-ski bars.
Base depth
The measurement of the total amount of snow accumulated on the ground at a given point.
Resorts report 'mid-mountain' and 'base' depths. A solid base depth is required to cover rocks and stumps. It is distinct from 'fresh snowfall'.
Base layer
The clothing layer worn next to the skin.
Its primary job is moisture wicking—moving sweat away from the body to prevent cooling. Merino wool and synthetic fibers are standard; cotton is avoided.
Base repair
Fixing damage to the ski base.
Minor scratches are filled with P-Tex candles. Deep gouges (core shots) require metal-grip or base patches to seal the core from water.
Basket (pole)
The disc near the tip of the ski pole.
Prevents the pole from sinking too deep into the snow. Small baskets are for hardpack/racing; large baskets are for powder.
Beanie
A soft knit hat.
Worn for warmth when not skiing, or by some freestyle skiers instead of a helmet (though this is less common now due to safety).
Biathlon
A winter sport combining cross-country skiing and rifle shooting.
Competitors ski a loop and then stop to shoot at targets (prone and standing). Missed targets result in penalty loops or time additions. It demands control of heart rate under extreme physical exertion.
Bibs (pants)
Ski pants with a chest piece and suspenders.
They offer better protection against snow getting down the pants, warmer core insulation, and are generally more comfortable around the waist.
Big Air
A freestyle discipline where skiers hit one massive jump to perform a single complex trick.
Judged on difficulty, execution, amplitude, and landing. It is now an Olympic sport. Competitors often perform triple or quadruple corks.
Binding
The device connecting the boot to the ski.
Safety bindings release the boot during a fall to protect the leg (DIN standard). Types include Alpine, Pin/Tech, Frame, and Telemark.
Black diamond
A trail rating symbol indicating difficult terrain.
In North America, a single black diamond is for advanced skiers (steep). In Europe, black runs represent the hardest pistes. The difficulty is relative to the specific resort.
Black ice
Transparent ice on the ski run that allows the dark ground or old snow to show through, making it invisible.
Extremely dangerous as it offers near-zero grip and is hard to spot. Sharp edges and subtle balance are required to cross it safely.
Blocking plant
A firm pole plant used to stop upper body rotation or to stabilize the skier in steep terrain.
Unlike a timing plant, a blocking plant involves placing the pole firmly downhill and bracing against it momentarily. This action arrests the rotation of the torso, allowing the skier to pivot the skis around the pole. It is a critical technique in short turns on steep slopes and in mogul skiing.
Blue square
A trail rating symbol used primarily in North America and Australia to indicate intermediate difficulty.
In the North American system, Blue Square is the step between Green Circle (easy) and Black Diamond (advanced). IMPORTANT: In Europe, blue runs are generally 'easy/beginner', while 'Red' runs denote intermediate difficulty. Travelers must be aware of this distinction to avoid getting into terrain beyond their ability.
Boilerplate
Extremely hard, bulletproof snow or ice that is difficult to get an edge into.
Derived from the steel plates used in boilers. Skiing boilerplate requires extremely sharp edges and precise technique. It is loud to ski on and offers very little feedback or forgiveness. It is often found on wind-scoured ridges or race courses that have been injected with water.
Bomb hole
A depression or crater in the snow caused by a skier or snowboarder landing a jump heavily.
Bomb holes are hazards in the landing zones of jumps or cliffs. If a subsequent skier lands in an existing bomb hole, the sudden compression can cause injury or a crash. Etiquette dictates filling in your bomb hole if you crash or land deep.
Boot dryer
An electric device designed to dry the interior of ski boots.
Essential for multi-day trips. They use either thermal convection (silent) or forced air (fans) to remove moisture generated by sweat and melted snow. Dry boots are warmer boots. High heat should be avoided as it can reshape custom footbeds.
Boot heater
A battery-powered heating element installed under the insole of a ski boot.
Used to maintain circulation in cold conditions. The battery packs usually clip to the power strap or rear of the boot. They are distinct from 'hotronic' or similar brand names but serve the same purpose: preventing toe numbness.
Boots
The rigid footwear connecting the skier to the bindings.
The most important piece of gear. They transfer body movements to the ski. Composed of a hard plastic shell and a soft liner. Fit (volume), flex (stiffness), and last (width) are key selection criteria. A race boot is narrow and stiff (130+ flex); a comfort boot is wider and softer (<90 flex).
Bowl
A wide, basin-shaped geological formation on a mountain, offering open skiing terrain.
Bowls are often located above the tree line (alpine zone). They collect snow and offer wide, expansive lines without defined trails. They can range from intermediate groomed bowls to steep, avalanche-prone ungroomed powder bowls.
Brake (ski brake)
Spring-loaded arms on the binding that stop the ski when released.
The brake arms are held up (retracted) by the boot when skiing. Upon release, they snap down, digging into the snow to prevent the ski from sliding down the mountain and becoming a projectile. Brake width must match the ski waist width.
Buckle
The latch mechanism used to tighten ski boots.
Most boots have 3 or 4 buckles. Micro-adjustable buckles allow for fine-tuning the tension by twisting the latch. They should be tight enough to immobilize the foot but not so tight as to cut off blood circulation.
Buff / Neck gaiter
A seamless tube of fabric worn around the neck and face.
Versatile softgood used to protect the chin, nose, and cheeks from wind and cold. 'Buff' is the proprietary name often used generically. They come in thin synthetic (summer/sun) or thick fleece/merino (winter/warmth) varieties.
Bump
A single mound of snow, also known as a mogul.
Bumps are formed by skiers turning in the same path repeatedly, pushing snow into piles. 'Bump skiing' requires absorption with the legs and a quiet upper body.
Bunny hill
A gentle, flat slope designated for absolute beginners.
Usually serviced by a magic carpet or rope tow. It is where ski school lessons for first-timers take place to teach the wedge (pizza) and basic stopping before progressing to chairlifts.
Button lift / Poma
A surface lift where a pole with a disc (button) at the end is placed between the skier's legs to pull them uphill.
Common in Europe (often called 'tire-fesses' in France). The skier must hold the pole but let the disc pull them by the buttocks/upper thighs. They can be tricky for beginners and snowboarders due to the sudden jerk at the start.
Cable car
A large aerial lift where two large cabins travel in opposite directions on a stationary cable.
Also known as a Tram. They span long distances and high vertical rises often without support towers. They carry many passengers (sometimes 100+) standing up. Examples include the Jackson Hole Tram or the Aiguille du Midi in Chamonix.
Camber
The upward arch in the middle of a ski when placed flat.
Camber provides energy, pop, and edge grip. When weighted, the ski flattens, distributing pressure to the tip and tail. It is the opposite of rocker.
Canting
Adjusting the lateral angle of the boot cuff.
Compensates for bow-legs or knock-knees so the ski sits flat on the snow. Improper canting makes it hard to engage one edge while making the other edge catch too easily.
Carve / Carving
Turning the skis on their edges so they slice through the snow without skidding.
The most efficient way to turn. The tail follows the exact path of the tip. It uses the ski's sidecut geometry. A pure carved turn leaves a thin, clean line in the snow (railroad tracks).
Carving skis
Skis with narrow waists and deep sidecuts designed for groomed runs.
They are stiff torsionally to hold an edge on ice. The shape allows for quick, aggressive turns. Usually irrelevant in deep powder.
Cat track
A narrow, flat trail used to connect different parts of a mountain.
Often a road used by snowcats (groomers) in summer or night. For skiers, they are transport routes. They can be dangerous due to traffic congestion and varying speeds.
Catching an edge
When the downhill edge of the ski inadvertently digs into the snow, usually causing an abrupt fall.
The most common cause of crashes for beginners. It happens when the ski is not flat or angled correctly for the movement, tripping the skier instantly.
Chairlift
An aerial lift consisting of a series of chairs attached to a moving cable.
The standard resort transport. Ranges from old fixed-grip 2-seaters (slow) to modern detachable high-speed 6 or 8-seaters (six-packs) with heated seats and bubbles.
Chalet
A wooden house or cottage with overhanging eaves, typical of the Alpine region.
In ski tourism, it refers to accommodation, ranging from self-catered cabins to luxury fully-catered lodges. The architecture is designed to handle heavy snow loads.
Champagne powder
Very light, dry, and fluffy snow with low water content.
The term was coined in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. It is so light (often 5-7% water content) that you can't make a snowball with it. Ideally suited for deep powder skiing as it offers effortless flotation.
Check turn
A quick, sharp turn or edge set used to scrub speed or regain balance before a hazard or feature.
Not a full turn, but a momentary braking action. Skiers use check turns before hitting a jump, entering a steep chute, or avoiding a collision.
Chute
A narrow, steep gully or channel of snow between rock walls or trees.
Chutes are often highly prized lines for expert skiers. Because they are constricted, they require precise short-radius turns or straight-lining.
They act as funnels for sluff (loose snow) and avalanches, so assessing stability before entering is critical.
Cliff
A vertical or near-vertical rock face.
In skiing, cliffs are features to be 'dropped' (jumped off). Cliff drops require speed to clear the rocks and a steep landing zone (transition) to absorb the impact.
'Cliffing out' refers to getting stuck above a cliff with no safe way down.
Compression
The force exerted on a skier's body when hitting a dip or the bottom of a turn, or the act of absorbing a bump by bending the legs.
Compression turns involve absorbing terrain features by pulling the knees up towards the chest (retraction) rather than extending.
In downhill racing, 'compression' refers to the G-forces felt in the dip between two steep sections, which can crush a skier if their legs aren't strong enough.
Corduroy
The ridged texture left on the snow surface by grooming machines (snowcats).
Fresh corduroy is the holy grail of piste skiing. The ridges provide a consistent, predictable surface that is soft enough for the edge to bite into but firm enough to hold a high-speed carve.
It is best skied first thing in the morning ('first tracks').
Core
The internal material of a ski, sandwiched between the base and topsheet.
The core defines the ski's character. Wood cores (Poplar, Beech, Paulownia) are standard for their mix of dampness and pop.
Foam cores are found in cheap or ultra-light gear. Carbon, Titanal, and fiberglass layers are added around the core to tune stiffness and torsion.
Corn snow
Coarse, granular snow formed by cycles of melting during the day and refreezing at night.
Spring skiing perfection. When the sun softens the frozen crust just enough (usually mid-morning), it creates a velvety, supportable surface that is hero-like to ski.
It turns to heavy 'slush' later in the day as temperatures rise.
Cornice
An overhanging edge of snow on a ridge or mountain crest, formed by wind blowing snow over the lip.
Cornices are extremely dangerous. They can break off unexpectedly if a skier walks out onto them, triggering an avalanche on the slope below.
Skiers often 'cut' a cornice safely to drop into a run, but must approach with extreme caution.
Couloir
French for 'corridor'. A steep, narrow gully on a mountainside.
A classic objective in ski mountaineering. Couloirs are often aesthetically pleasing lines framed by rock walls.
They collect windblown snow but are also terrain traps for avalanches. Skiing them often requires 'jump turns' due to the narrow width.
Counter-rotation
A technique where the upper body twists in the opposite direction to the lower body (skis).
While modern carving emphasizes alignment, counter-rotation is essential in short turns and moguls. The legs turn the skis, but the chest remains facing down the fall line.
This creates tension (anticipation) in the core, helping to snap the skis into the next turn.
Crevasse
A deep open crack, especially one in a glacier.
The main danger of glacier skiing. They can be hidden by 'snow bridges'.
Skiing on glaciers requires a harness, rope, and knowledge of crevasse rescue (hauling systems). Falling into one is often fatal due to the fall distance or hypothermia.
Cross-country
A form of Nordic skiing where skiers rely on their own locomotion to move across snow-covered terrain.
Divided into 'Classic' (skis stay parallel in tracks) and 'Skate' (V-shaped motion like ice skating).
It is an endurance sport with high aerobic demands, distinct from the gravity-fed nature of alpine skiing.
Cross-country skis
Lightweight, narrow skis with no metal edges (usually) and significant camber for kick-and-glide.
Designed for efficiency on flats and uphills. They have a 'wax pocket' underfoot.
When weighted, the pocket grips the snow (using grip wax or scales); when unweighted, the camber lifts the grip zone to allow the glide zones (tip/tail) to slide.
Crossing the skis
A mistake where the tips of the skis overlap.
Usually results in an immediate crash. It happens when the skier loses focus or balance, or when the inside ski is not actively steered parallel to the outside ski.
Crud
Uneven, cut-up snow created when powder is skied out by many people.
Crud is difficult to ski because the consistency varies wildly between soft piles and hard tracks. It can throw the skier off balance.
Skiing crud requires a 'quiet' upper body and aggressive leg absorption, or a stiff ski to blast through the piles.
Crust
A hard frozen layer on top of softer snow.
'Breakable crust' is the skier's nightmare. The ski breaks through the hard top layer and gets trapped in the soft snow underneath, making turning nearly impossible and risking leg injury.
'Supportable crust' is hard enough to ski on top of.
Dampening
The property of a ski to reduce vibration and chatter.
Essential for high-speed control. Without dampening (often achieved with Titanal metal sheets or rubber elastomers), a ski will flap and lose edge contact on hard snow.
A 'damp' ski feels glued to the snow; a 'lively' ski feels bouncy.
Death cookies
Chunks of hard ice or frozen snow left by groomers or avalanches that have frozen solid.
They are unpleasant to hit, causing the skis to rattle and potentially throwing the skier off line.
Often found on groomed runs in the morning if the snowcat tilled the snow but it refroze before settling.
Deep powder
Fresh snow accumulation significant enough that the skis sink considerably below the surface.
Requires a different technique: weight more centered (or slightly back on older skis), feet closer together to create a platform, and a rhythmic bouncing motion.
Wide skis (fat skis) make it significantly easier.
DIN setting
The industry standard scale for the release force settings of ski bindings.
Stands for Deutsches Institut für Normung. It is calculated based on weight, height, age, boot sole length, and skier type.
A setting of 4 is very low (easy release); a setting of 12+ is for racers or heavy experts. Correct settings are vital to prevent pre-release or failure to release.
Directional ski
A ski designed to go forwards, with a different shape for the tip and tail.
Most alpine skis are directional. The bindings are mounted back from center. This optimizes the ski for carving and floating in one direction, as opposed to 'twin tips' which are symmetrical for switch skiing.
Double black diamond
A North American trail rating for the most difficult terrain on the mountain.
These runs require expert technique and often carry higher consequences for falling than standard black runs.
Double ejection
A crash where both skis detach from the boots simultaneously.
Often referred to as a 'yard sale' if poles and goggles are also lost.
While frustrating, a double ejection usually indicates the bindings did their job in a high-energy crash to prevent torque injuries to the legs.
Down jacket
A jacket insulated with duck or goose feathers.
Offers the best warmth-to-weight ratio. Ideal for cold, dry days or as a mid-layer.
It loses insulating power when wet, so synthetic insulation is better for wet climates. 'Fill power' (e.g., 800) indicates quality.
Down-unweighting
A technique to unweight the skis by quickly retracting the legs (bending knees) to initiate a turn.
Also called a 'retraction turn'. Used in moguls and steep powder where there is no room or time to extend the body upwards.
By dropping the body, the skis become momentarily light and can be pivoted easily.
Downhill
The fastest alpine racing discipline, involving the longest course and highest speeds.
Courses feature few turns, allowing speeds of 130km/h+. Skis are very long (215cm+) for stability.
It requires immense courage and physical strength. The term is also used generically for skiing down a mountain.
Dual slalom
A race format where two skiers race side-by-side on identical parallel courses.
This format is extremely spectator-friendly. It creates direct competition pressure.
If one skier falls or makes a mistake, the other gains an immediate visible advantage. The courses are usually shorter than standard slalom.
Dump (snowfall)
A slang term for a heavy snowfall.
Used enthusiastically by skiers. 'It's dumping' means it is snowing heavily.
A 'huge dump' implies significantly deep fresh powder awaiting the skiers the next morning.
Edge
The sharpened metal strip running along the side of the ski base.
Made of carbon steel. The edge bites into the snow to provide grip. It requires regular tuning (sharpening).
Edges are beveled (angled) relative to the base and side to optimize grip vs. ease of pivoting.
Edge angle
The angle between the ski base and the snow surface.
High edge angles are necessary for carving tight turns on hard snow. They are achieved through angulation of the knees and hips.
The higher the edge angle, the more the sidecut engages to turn the ski.
Edge control
The skill of adjusting the angle of the skis to the snow to maintain balance and direction.
Good edge control means knowing when to feather (flatten) the edge to skid or slide, and when to lock it in to carve.
It is the foundation of advanced skiing technique.
Extension
Lengthening the body or legs, typically during the transition between turns.
By extending the legs at the start of a turn, the skier moves their center of mass forward and down the hill.
This action unweights the skis momentarily, allowing them to be steered. It is the opposite of flexion/compression.
Face
A broad, steep, open section of a mountain slope.
Faces are often exposed and can be prone to avalanches due to their large contiguous surface area.
Skiing a 'face' usually involves wide, high-speed turns rather than tight technical maneuvering.
Face mask
A protective covering for the lower face to block wind and cold.
Essential in extreme cold or blizzard conditions. Unlike a buff, a mask is often shaped to the nose and may have breathing vents.
These vents help reduce condensation and prevent goggle fogging.
Face plant
A fall where the skier lands face-first in the snow.
Often the result of catching a front edge or landing a jump too far forward.
In powder, it's harmless (and funny); on hardpack, it can cause injury or 'goggle burn'.
Fall line
The path of least resistance down a slope; the most direct route a ball would roll.
Skiing 'down the fall line' means skiing straight down the steepest part of the slope without traversing.
Understanding the fall line is crucial for navigation and reading terrain contours.
Fat skis
Skis with a very wide waist width (100mm+), designed for powder.
Fat skis provide surface area to float on top of soft snow rather than sinking. This makes powder skiing much less tiring.
However, they are slower to turn from edge-to-edge on hard groomed runs.
File
A metal tool used to sharpen ski edges.
Files come in different cuts (coarseness). A coarse file removes damage; a fine file polishes the edge.
They are usually used with a guide to maintain a precise angle (e.g., 88 degrees).
Firn
Old snow that has survived a summer season but is not yet glacial ice, or granular spring snow.
In a skiing context, 'Firn' (especially in the Alps) often refers to perfect spring corn snow—frozen at night, softened by the sun, offering a smooth, grippy surface.
First tracks
Being the first person to ski a run on a powder day or freshly groomed slope.
Highly coveted. Skiers line up early (sometimes hours before lifts open) to get first tracks.
It offers the purest sensation of skiing before the snow gets 'tracked out' or chopped up by other skiers.
FIS (International Ski Federation)
The governing body for international skiing and snowboarding competitions.
Fédération Internationale de Ski. They set the rules for the World Cup, World Championships, and Olympics.
This includes strict equipment regulations, such as ski length and radius limits for racers.
Flat light
Lighting conditions where overcast skies or snow eliminate shadows, making it hard to see terrain contrast.
In flat light, bumps and dips become invisible. Skiers must rely on 'feeling' the terrain with their legs rather than seeing it.
High-contrast goggle lenses (yellow, rose) help improve visibility.
Fleece
Synthetic insulating fabric used as a mid-layer.
Made from polyester. It is breathable, hydrophobic, and warm even when damp.
It doesn't compress as well as down but is more durable and cheaper, making it a staple for ski layering.
Flex
The stiffness of a ski or boot.
Boot flex is a number (e.g., 120). Ski flex refers to how much force is needed to bend the ski.
Stiffer flex offers stability at speed; softer flex offers playfulness and ease of turning.
Frame binding
A touring binding where the toe and heel are connected by a frame that lifts up for walking.
Heavier than tech bindings but compatible with standard alpine boots.
Good for skiers who mostly ski resorts but want the option to do short tours or sidecountry missions.
French fries (parallel)
A teaching term for keeping skis parallel to each other to go faster.
Used in ski school for kids. 'Pizza' is to stop (wedge); 'French fries' is to go.
It visualizes the parallel stance of the skis necessary for gliding and picking up speed.
Freeride skis
Skis designed for off-piste terrain, variable snow, and powder.
Typically wider (95-115mm) with rocker tips for flotation.
They are generally stiffer than freestyle skis to handle high speeds and rough snow (crud) commonly found off-piste.
Freestyle
Skiing discipline focused on tricks, jumps, and park features.
Includes Moguls, Aerials, Slopestyle, Halfpipe, and Big Air.
The culture emphasizes style and creativity over pure speed or racing times.
Freestyle skis
Twin-tip skis designed for skiing backwards and hitting jumps/rails.
Mounted center-balanced for spins. Often have durable edges to withstand impact on metal rails.
They usually have a softer flex for 'buttering' (pressing on tips/tails).
Freshies
Slang for fresh, untracked powder snow.
Similar to 'first tracks'. Getting freshies is the ultimate goal on a powder day.
It refers to snow that hasn't been compacted or ruined by other skiers.
Gaiters
Internal cuffs in ski pants that seal around the boot to keep snow out.
They have elastic bottoms and sometimes hooks to attach to boot buckles.
Essential for deep snow to prevent wet feet and cold drafts going up the leg.
Gaper
A derogatory slang term for a skier who is clueless about mountain etiquette, equipment, or technique.
Gapers are often identified by a 'gaper gap' (forehead gap), backwards helmets, or jeans tucked into boots.
The term implies a lack of awareness that can be dangerous to themselves or others. In some regions, they are called 'Jerrys'.
Gaper gap
The exposed strip of forehead skin between the top of the goggles and the brim of the helmet.
Considered a major fashion faux pas in ski culture. Apart from looking 'uncool', it results in a cold forehead or a stripe of sunburn (goggle tan) in weird places.
A proper fit has the helmet brim sitting flush with the goggles.
Giant Slalom (GS)
An alpine racing discipline featuring gates spaced further apart than in Slalom but closer than in Super-G.
GS is often considered the fundamental discipline of ski racing. It requires a rhythm of wide, sweeping turns at medium-to-high speeds.
GS skis have a radius typically between 17m (recreational) and 30m (FIS men's).
Glades / Tree skiing
Terrain where trees have been naturally or artificially thinned to allow for skiing between them.
Glade skiing offers wind protection and better visibility during storms. It requires quick reflexes and looking ahead at the gaps, not the trees.
A major hazard is the 'tree well' (snow hollow at the base of a tree) which can cause suffocation.
Glide
The phase of skiing where the ski slides effortlessly across the snow without braking or turning friction.
Efficient gliding depends on a flat base, appropriate structure, and the correct wax for the snow temperature.
In racing, the 'gliding disciplines' are Downhill and Super-G, where maintaining speed is paramount.
Gloves
Handwear with separate fingers.
Gloves offer better dexterity than mittens (good for adjusting buckles/zippers) but are generally not as warm because fingers are isolated.
Ski gloves usually have extended cuffs (gauntlets) and reinforced leather palms to withstand carrying skis.
Goggles
Protective eyewear sealed against the face.
They protect from wind, snow, and UV rays. Lenses vary by VLT (Visible Light Transmission); dark lenses for sun, yellow/pink for low light.
Spherical or toric lenses offer better peripheral vision and less distortion than flat cylindrical lenses.
Gondola
An enclosed lift cabin suspended from a cable.
Skis are usually placed in racks outside. Gondolas are warmer and faster than chairlifts, protecting skiers from the elements during the ride up.
They are often used to access high-altitude areas or connect base villages to the mountain.
Green circle
The easiest trail rating in North America.
Green runs are groomed, wide, and have a shallow gradient (usually <25%). They are designed for beginners learning to link turns.
In Europe, blue runs often serve a similar introductory purpose (though green exists in France).
Grip (pole)
The handle of the ski pole.
Molded from rubber or plastic to fit the hand. It includes a strap to prevent losing the pole.
Releasable strap systems (like Leki Trigger) add safety by detaching during a crash to prevent thumb injuries.
Grip wax
Sticky wax applied to the center of classic cross-country skis.
Also called 'kick wax'. It provides the static friction needed to push off (kick) against the snow.
It must be chosen precisely based on snow temperature to grip without clumping or icing up.
Groomer
1. A slope that has been flattened by machines. 2. The machine itself (snowcat).
Skiing 'groomers' implies staying on-piste. The snow is compressed into 'corduroy' ridges, making it predictable and ideal for carving high-speed turns without dealing with bumps or powder.
Halfpipe
A U-shaped channel constructed of snow used for freestyle skiing and snowboarding.
Competitors ski back and forth between the walls (transitions), launching into the air above the lip (vert) to perform tricks.
Superpipes have 22-foot high walls. It is an Olympic event requiring high precision and amplitude.
Hard shell
A waterproof, windproof outer layer without insulation.
The most versatile jacket type. It relies on layering underneath (base + mid-layer) for warmth.
It uses membranes like Gore-Tex to block water from outside while letting sweat vapor escape.
Hardpack
Snow that has been compressed solid by grooming or wind.
Distinct from ice, hardpack still offers some edge grip but requires sharp skis. It is fast skiing.
Common in resorts between storms or early in the morning before the sun softens the snow.
Headwall
The steep, uppermost section of a cirque or bowl.
Usually the steepest part of the terrain. Entering a bowl often requires skiing the headwall or traversing under it.
They are prone to wind-loading and avalanche formation due to their exposure.
Heated socks
Socks with battery-powered heating wires.
A modern solution for cold feet (Raynaud's). The battery sits at the calf. They are Bluetooth controllable and thinner than old wool socks, allowing for a performance fit in boots without compromising warmth.
Heel piece
The rear part of a ski binding.
It secures the boot heel. In an alpine binding, it snaps down. It houses the vertical release spring.
'Turntable' heels (like Look Pivot) rotate beneath the tibia to provide more elasticity and prevent pre-release.
Heli-skiing
Using a helicopter to access backcountry terrain.
The pinnacle of powder skiing. It allows access to remote, untouched peaks. It requires a guide and avalanche safety gear.
Runs are significantly longer than resort laps, often descending thousands of vertical meters.
Helmet
Protective headgear.
Now standard for almost all skiers. Technologies like MIPS (rotational impact protection) reduce brain injury risk.
They also keep the head warmer than hats and integrate with goggles for better airflow.
Herringbone
A technique for walking uphill on skis.
The skier spreads the tips of the skis apart (V-shape) to prevent sliding backward, stepping onto the inside edges.
It leaves a track resembling fish bones. Used for short uphill sections where removing skis isn't practical.
Hockey stop
A rapid, parallel stop where the skis are turned 90 degrees to the direction of travel.
The most effective way to stop quickly. Both edges dig into the snow, creating a spray.
It requires confidence to commit to the edge set and is a key skill for safety in crowded areas.
Hop turn
A turn where the skier jumps the skis off the snow to change direction.
Used in extremely steep or narrow terrain (couloirs) where carving or sliding is impossible.
The skier plants the pole and pivots the skis in the air to land in the new direction.
Hybrid binding
A binding that combines pin-tech toes for touring with alpine heels/toes for descending.
Examples like Salomon Shift. They solve the dilemma of choosing between uphill efficiency and downhill safety/performance.
They are heavier than pure tech bindings but offer DIN-certified release values.
Ice
Frozen water or melt-freeze snow that is translucent and extremely hard.
True ice offers almost no grip unless edges are razor sharp. It is common on the US East Coast ('Ice Coast') and on race courses (injected snow).
Skiing ice requires precise balance and subtle pressure control.
In-bounds
Terrain within the ski resort's patrol boundary.
In-bounds terrain is subject to avalanche control and hazard marking. Skiing 'out of bounds' (ducking ropes) often voids rescue insurance and is dangerous as the terrain is not managed.
Inclination
Leaning the body into the turn.
Inclination tips the skis on edge. However, too much inclination without angulation (balancing the upper body) will cause the skier to fall inside the turn.
It works at high speeds where centrifugal force supports the lean.
Inside edge
The edge of the ski that is on the inside of the turn.
For the outside ski (the dominant ski), the inside edge is the cutting edge. For the inside ski, it is the outside edge that corresponds to the turn direction.
Most grip comes from the inside edge of the outside ski.
Inside ski
The ski on the inside of the turn radius (the uphill ski).
A common error is keeping too much weight on the inside ski, which leads to loss of balance.
In modern carving, the inside ski is active and tipped, but the majority of the pressure/balance remains on the outside ski.
Insulator
A mid-layer garment designed to retain body heat.
Insulators are the engine of the layering system. They can be natural (down) or synthetic (Primaloft/Coreloft).
Synthetic insulators are often preferred for skiing because they continue to provide warmth even if they get wet from sweat or snow.
Iron (waxing)
A dedicated heating tool with a thick base plate used to melt wax into the ski base.
Unlike clothing irons, waxing irons have precise temperature controls to prevent burning the P-Tex base (sealing the pores).
The iron is moved continuously from tip to tail to distribute the wax evenly without overheating one spot.
Jerry
A slang term describing an individual who exhibits a lack of understanding of ski culture, safety, or equipment.
Similar to 'Gaper' but popularized by the Instagram account 'Jerry of the Day'.
It often refers to someone doing something hilariously unsafe or foolish, like wearing boots on the wrong feet or skiing into a parked car.
Jump turn
A turn executed by jumping the skis completely off the snow to pivot them in the air.
A survival skill for steep skiing, narrow couloirs, or breakable crust.
It requires a solid pole plant and explosive leg power to lift the skis and rotate them 180 degrees (or less) before landing.
Kick turn
A stationary turn used to change direction by 180 degrees, typically when skinning uphill.
Essential for ski touring on steep slopes (switchbacks).
The skier stabilizes on one ski, kicks the other leg forward and up, pivots it around, and plants it facing the new direction. It requires hip flexibility and balance.
Kicker (jump)
A man-made jump ramp built of snow.
Kickers in terrain parks are wedge-shaped ramps designed to launch skiers into the air. They range from small (S) to extra large (XL).
The shape of the 'lip' determines the trajectory (pop vs. distance).
Klister
A sticky, tube-based grip wax for cross-country skiing.
Used when snow crystals are rounded by melting and refreezing (ice/corn). It is messy and honey-like.
It provides grip on icy tracks where hard wax would scrape off.
Lift pass
A ticket or card that grants access to the ski lifts.
Modern passes are RFID cards kept in a left-side pocket to automatically open gates.
They can be day tickets or season passes (like Epic or Ikon Pass). Losing a pass is a major headache.
Liftie
Slang for a ski lift operator.
The employees who run the lifts, bump chairs, and manage the maze lines.
They are central to ski bum culture, often working for minimum wage just to ski every day.
Liner
The soft inner boot of a ski boot.
Provides insulation and fit. Over time, liners 'pack out' (compress), making the boot feel looser.
Custom liners (like Intuition) can be heat-molded to the specific shape of the skier's foot for better performance.
Lodge
A building at a ski resort providing food, rest, and shelter.
Lodges are refuges from the cold. 'Day lodges' are huge cafeterias at the base; 'on-mountain lodges' are mid-mountain stops for hot chocolate.
The smell of wet wool and french fries is characteristic.
Magic carpet
A conveyor belt surface lift used for beginners.
The easiest lift to use. Skier simply stands on the moving rubber belt.
It has replaced rope tows in most learner areas because it is less intimidating for children.
Merino wool
High-quality wool used in base layers and socks.
It is anti-microbial (doesn't stink), warm when wet, and soft against the skin.
It regulates body temperature better than synthetics but is more expensive and fragile.
Mid-layer
Clothing worn between the base layer and outer shell.
Traps warm air. Fleece, wool sweaters, or light down jackets are common.
The thickness is adjusted based on the weather forecast and activity level.
Mittens
Handwear where fingers are grouped together.
Warmer than gloves because fingers share heat and there is less surface area.
The trade-off is zero dexterity; you can't zip a jacket or adjust buckles easily.
Moguls
Mounds of snow formed by skiers turning.
Also called 'bumps'. Competitive mogul skiing involves skiing a rhythmic line through them at speed, often including two jumps.
It requires flexible knees and a shock-absorbing suspension technique.
Monoski
A single wide board where both feet are attached side-by-side facing forward.
A retro 80s discipline. Not to be confused with snowboarding (sideways stance).
It is excellent in powder but challenging on ice. Still has a cult following in France.
Nordic combined
A winter sport combining ski jumping and cross-country skiing.
Athletes must be proficient in both explosive power (jumping) and aerobic endurance (racing).
The jump results usually determine the starting order or time deficit for the race.
Nordic skis
Skis with free-heel bindings.
Includes cross-country, telemark, and jumping skis.
They are distinct from Alpine (fixed heel). They allow for a natural walking gait.
Nursery slope
A gentle slope for teaching beginners.
Usually isolated from fast traffic. Features gentle gradients and slow lifts.
The goal is to provide a safe, non-threatening environment for the first day on snow.
In Europe, off-piste is everything outside the marker poles; in the US, 'off-piste' often refers to ungroomed terrain within the resort boundary.
One-piece suit
A single garment combining jacket and pants.
Eliminates the waist gap, making it impervious to snow entry and drafts.
Modern technical 'onesies' are popular for freeriding, though they carry a retro 80s stigma.
Outerwear
The external protective layer (jacket/pants).
Must be waterproof and breathable. Ratings (e.g., 20k/20k) indicate performance.
Can be 'shell' (no insulation) or 'insulated'.
P-Tex
Polyethylene material used for ski bases.
Sintered P-Tex is porous and holds wax; Extruded P-Tex is durable and cheap.
Repair candles are made of P-Tex to fill gouges and core shots.
Packed powder
Snow that has been compressed by grooming or traffic but is not ice.
The standard condition report for a good day on groomed runs.
It is soft enough to grip easily but firm enough for speed.
Padded shorts
Protective undergarments with foam armor.
Worn to protect the hips and tailbone (coccyx) from impacts on hard snow or rails.
Common among park skiers and learners who fall frequently.
Parallel turn
A turn where both skis remain parallel to each other throughout the entire arc.
The goal of intermediate ski instruction. It replaces the wedge (snowplow).
It involves weight transfer to the outside ski while keeping the inside ski matched in angle and direction.
Para-alpine
Skiing for athletes with disabilities.
Includes visually impaired (with a guide), standing (amputees), and sitting (using a sit-ski/mono-ski).
It is a major Paralympic sport.
Parka
A long-cut insulated jacket.
Provides extra coverage over the hips and warmth.
Popular in freestyle culture ('park rats') for the baggy style and comfort on lifts.
Patrol / Ski patrol
The team responsible for mountain safety, medical rescue, and avalanche control.
Patrollers are the EMTs of the mountain. They transport injured skiers in toboggans (sleds), mark hazards, and throw explosives to trigger avalanches before the resort opens.
Pillow line
A descent down a series of snow-covered boulders or logs that resemble pillows.
A highly photogenic freestyle terrain feature. The skier bounces from one pillow to the next.
It requires soft, deep snow, as missing a pillow often means landing on a rock.
Piste
A marked and groomed ski run within a resort.
The European term for a 'trail' or 'slope'. Pistes are categorized by color (Green/Blue/Red/Black) to denote difficulty.
Maintenance involves nightly grooming by snowcats to create a smooth, predictable surface.
Piste basher / Snowcat
A tracked vehicle used to groom snow.
These powerful machines use a front blade to move snow and a rear tiller to grind ice and lay down fresh corduroy.
They can climb steep gradients using a winch cable anchored to the mountain top to groom black runs.
Pizza (snowplow)
A beginner technique where skis are angled tips-together to form a V-shape.
Also called a 'wedge'. It creates friction to control speed. Instructors use the term 'Pizza' (to stop) vs. 'French Fries' (parallel skis to go) for children.
It is the first step in learning edge control before progressing to parallel skiing.
Pole
A stick used for balance and timing.
Consists of a grip, shaft, basket, and tip. While not strictly necessary for turning (kids often learn without them), they are essential for rhythm in advanced skiing, pushing on flats, and stabilizing the upper body.
Pole plant
Touching the pole tip to the snow to trigger a turn.
It acts as a metronome. The plant happens at the end of a turn, signaling the body to unweight and transition to the new edge.
It stabilizes the upper body while the lower body rotates underneath.
Powder (Pow)
Fresh, loose, fluffy snow that has not been compacted.
The ultimate prize in skiing. It provides a weightless, floating sensation often described as surfing.
'Cold smoke' refers to extremely light, dry powder. Skiing it requires speed and a more centered stance.
Powder skis
Wide skis (110mm+) designed to float in deep snow.
They utilize massive surface area and rocker (reverse camber) to plane on top of the snow.
They make deep snow accessible to intermediates who would otherwise struggle to keep their tips up on skinny skis.
Power strap
The velcro strap at the top of the ski boot cuff.
It acts as a fifth buckle, securing the leg against the tongue of the boot for better leverage.
Elastic 'Booster Straps' are a popular aftermarket upgrade that provides a progressive flex and better rebound than static velcro.
Pressure control
Managing the distribution of weight along the ski and between the skis.
Skillful pressure control involves fore/aft balance (not leaning back) and progressive pressuring of the outside ski during a turn to bend it into an arc.
Probe
A collapsible metal rod used to physically locate a buried avalanche victim.
Part of the 'holy trinity' of safety gear (Beacon, Shovel, Probe).
After a beacon signal locates the general area, the probe is poked into the snow in a spiral pattern to find the victim's body before digging begins.
Quad (chairlift)
A chairlift that carries four people.
The standard workhorse of modern resorts. 'Detachable quads' (high-speed) slow down in the station for easy loading but move fast on the line.
'Fixed-grip quads' are slower and can bang your calves on loading.
Race skis
Skis built to FIS specifications for competition.
They are stiff, heavy, and have aggressive edges. Slalom skis are short (165cm) with a 13m radius; Giant Slalom skis are longer (188cm+) with a 30m radius.
They demand precise technique and high speed to work properly.
Radius
The natural turn size a ski will make when tipped on edge.
Determined by sidecut (difference between tip/waist/tail widths).
<15m is short (slalom); 15-20m is medium (all-mountain); >25m is long (freeride/GS).
Rail (binding)
A track system allowing bindings to slide and adjust without drilling.
Found on rental and demo skis. It allows fitting different boot sizes instantly.
Advanced skiers often prefer 'flat-mounted' bindings (drilled) for a lower stack height and better ski flex feel.
Reverse camber
A ski profile shaped like a banana, touching only in the middle.
Also called 'full rocker'. Purely for deep powder. It pivots and smears effortlessly.
It has terrible edge grip on hardpack because the tip and tail don't touch the snow to engage the edge.
Ridge
A long, narrow crest of a mountain.
Ridges are often used as travel routes to access terrain. They are wind-exposed, often stripped of snow on the windward side and loaded with dangerous cornices on the leeward side.
Rocker
Early rise in the tip or tail of the ski.
Rocker lifts the contact points off the snow. Tip rocker aids flotation in powder and turn initiation.
Tail rocker allows the ski to release (smear) out of a turn easier. Most modern skis are a hybrid of camber and rocker.
Rope tow
A simple lift consisting of a moving rope that skiers grab to be pulled uphill.
Old-school and tiring. It requires good grip strength. Commonly found on small local hills or servicing terrain parks.
It ruins gloves quickly due to friction.
Rotation
Turning the body or skis around a vertical axis.
Upper body rotation (swinging the shoulders) is generally a bad habit in carving, as it disrupts balance.
However, leg rotation (femur turning in the hip socket) is the primary mechanism for steering the skis.
Salopettes
A European term for high-waisted ski trousers or bibs.
Derived from French. They often feature built-in suspenders/braces.
The high waist prevents snow from entering at the belt line and keeps the kidneys warm.
Sastrugi
Sharp, frozen ridges on the snow surface formed by wind erosion.
A nightmare to ski. The surface is hard, bumpy, and irregular, causing skis to chatter and deflect.
It creates a jarring, rattling experience similar to skiing over frozen rubble.
Schussing
Skiing straight downhill without turning.
Used to gain speed for a flat section (cat track). The skier typically adopts a tuck position to minimize drag.
Originates from the German 'Schuss' (shot).
Scissoring
A mistake where the ski tips cross or diverge significantly.
Usually happens when the skier's weight is on the wrong ski (the inside ski) or when they lose fore/aft balance.
It often leads to the tips crossing and a subsequent face plant.
Scraper
A plexiglass tool used to remove excess wax.
After ironing wax into the base, it must be scraped off until the base appears bare.
The wax should be *in* the pores, not *on* the surface. A sharp scraper is essential for this task.
Season pass
A pre-paid ticket allowing unlimited skiing for the entire winter.
Calculated for locals or frequent visitors. The break-even point is usually 5-7 days of skiing.
Mega-passes like Epic and Ikon have globalized this, offering access to many resorts on one pass.
Send it
Slang for committing fully to a jump, line, or trick with confidence.
Popularized by Larry Enticer ('Just gonna send it!'). It implies overcoming fear and going for it 100%, regardless of the consequences.
Shaft (pole)
The main tubular part of a ski pole.
Aluminum shafts are durable and bend before breaking. Carbon shafts are light and have low swing weight but shatter on impact.
Composite shafts offer a mix of both characteristics.
Shell jacket
A waterproof and windproof outer layer with no internal insulation.
The most versatile jacket type. It relies on the layering system (base layer + mid-layer) to provide warmth, while the shell provides protection from the elements.
This allows the skier to regulate temperature by adding or removing layers underneath.
Short turns
A series of quick, rhythmic turns made within a narrow corridor.
Essential for speed control on steep slopes and in moguls. They require a rapid pole plant cadence and aggressive edge changes.
The upper body should remain quiet and facing downhill while the legs pivot beneath.
Shovel (ski tip)
The widest, front-most section of the ski that curves upwards.
The geometry of the shovel determines how the ski enters a turn and handles soft snow. A wide, soft shovel floats well in powder.
In carving skis, the shovel's sidecut engages the snow first to pull the skier into the turn.
Side-slipping
Sliding sideways down a slope with skis perpendicular to the fall line.
A controlled skid used to navigate terrain that is too steep or narrow to turn in, or to scrub speed.
The skier flattens the edge just enough to slide but keeps enough angle to prevent catching the downhill edge.
Side-stepping
Walking uphill sideways by lifting the uphill ski and bringing the downhill ski to meet it.
Used for climbing short distances where putting on skins would be inefficient. The skis are kept perpendicular to the fall line, and the edges are stamped into the snow for grip.
Sidecut
The hourglass shape of a ski, narrower at the waist than at the tip and tail.
Sidecut is the mechanics behind carving. When a ski is tipped on edge, the sidecut geometry allows it to bend into an arc (reverse camber), creating a curved path through the snow without skidding.
Measured in radius (meters).
Six-pack (chairlift)
A high-speed detachable chairlift that carries six people per chair.
Designed to move large volumes of skiers uphill quickly.
They often feature heated seats and distinctively colored bubbles (orange/blue) to protect riders from wind and snow.
Skating
A propulsion technique on flat ground resembling ice skating.
The skier pushes off the inside edge of one ski in a V-shape to glide on the other.
Essential for moving through flat sections, cat tracks, or approaching lift lines without using poles.
Ski bag
A padded bag for transporting skis and poles.
Crucial for air travel to protect bindings and edges. 'Double bags' (with wheels) are popular for carrying two pairs or extra clothes.
Airlines usually count a ski bag and boot bag as one item of luggage.
Ski bum
A person who dedicates their life to skiing as much as possible, often working menial jobs to fund the lifestyle.
A cultural icon. They prioritize 'time on snow' over career advancement or wealth.
Often found working night shifts in restaurants or as lifties to keep days free for riding.
Ski cross
A race where four skiers descend a course simultaneously, featuring jumps, banks, and rollers.
An Olympic discipline. It is chaotic and exciting, with frequent passing and contact between racers. The first person across the line wins.
It rewards all-around skiing ability and nerve.
Ski jumping
A Nordic sport where skiers descend a ramp to jump as far as possible.
Judged on distance and style. Skiers use very long, wide skis and assume a V-shape in the air for aerodynamic lift.
It is not an amateur recreational activity.
Ski mountaineering (Skimo)
Climbing mountains on skis and descending them.
Also a competitive sport (Skimo racing) involving timed ascents and descents.
It requires lightweight gear, high fitness, and technical climbing skills (crampons/ice axes) for the most difficult peaks.
Ski orienteering
An endurance sport combining navigation and cross-country skiing.
Competitors use a map and compass to navigate a network of trails.
Route choice is critical; a longer flat route might be faster than a shorter steep one.
Ski school
The department of a resort that offers instruction.
Employing certified instructors (e.g., PSIA, BASI, CSIA). Lessons range from 'Magic Carpet' for toddlers to advanced off-piste clinics.
Essential for beginners to learn safely and avoid bad habits.
Ski socks
Specialized socks designed for ski boots.
Thin, seamless, and made of merino wool or synthetic blend. They are contoured (left/right specific) to prevent bunching.
Thick socks are generally avoided as they restrict blood flow and reduce control.
Skid
A turn where the skis slide sideways across the snow rather than carving a clean line.
While advanced skiers aim to carve, skidding is a necessary skill for speed control and steep terrain.
A 'stivot' is a deliberate skid to pivot the skis before engaging the edge.
Skins (climbing skins)
Strips of fabric with directional pile used for skiing uphill.
Attached to the base with glue and tip/tail clips. The hairs allow the ski to glide forward but grip preventing backward sliding.
Removed at the top for the descent.
Slalom
A technical alpine racing discipline with closely spaced gates.
Requires quick reflexes and aggressive pole blocking (cross-blocking). Skis are short (155-165cm) with a tight radius (13m).
Racers knock the spring-loaded gates down with their shins and pole guards.
Slopestyle
A freestyle discipline involving a course of rails, jumps, and other features.
Competitors perform a run combining tricks on multiple features. Judged on variety, difficulty, amplitude, and execution.
It has become a headline Winter X Games and Olympic event.
Slush
Wet, heavy snow found in warm spring temperatures.
Formed when the snow melts significantly. It is slow and heavy ('mashed potatoes'), requiring more effort to turn.
However, soft slush is forgiving and fun for learning new tricks.
Snow cannon
A machine that produces artificial snow by spraying water and compressed air into the cold air.
Essential for modern resorts to ensure a base early season or during dry spells.
The 'snow' is actually tiny ice pellets, which are denser and more durable than natural flakes.
Snow making
The production of artificial snow.
Requires temperatures below -2°C (wet bulb temperature matters most). It creates a durable base layer.
Artificial snow is often icier and faster than natural snow.
Snowblades
Short skis (under 1m) with non-release bindings.
Also known as skiboards. Popular in the late 90s. Very easy to turn but unstable at speed.
Dangerous due to the lack of release bindings (leg fractures).
Snowboard
A single board where both feet are secured sideways.
The counterpart to skiing. Riders stand sideways. It revolutionized winter sports culture and snow park design.
Requires different muscle use and edge mechanics compared to skiing.
Snowpack
The accumulation of snow layers on the ground over the winter.
The snowpack is not uniform; it consists of layers from different storms.
Avalanche danger arises when weak layers (like depth hoar or surface hoar) exist within the snowpack, supporting a heavy slab above.
Snowplow / Wedge
A braking technique where the ski tips are together and tails are apart.
The fundamental stance for beginners to control speed. The V-shape creates resistance.
It is stable but tiring for the legs. Advanced skiers transition away from it to parallel skiing.
Soft shell
A breathable, water-resistant clothing layer made of stretch fabric.
Soft shells bridge the gap between fleece and hard shells. They are highly breathable and offer great mobility, making them ideal for high-output activities like ski touring or spring skiing.
They are not fully waterproof in heavy rain but shed snow well.
Speed skiing
A discipline where the goal is to achieve the highest possible speed in a straight line.
The Formula 1 of skiing. Competitors wear aerodynamic rubber suits, fairing helmets, and use 240cm long skis.
Speeds exceed 250 km/h (155 mph). Courses are steep, groomed tracks known as 'KL' (Kilomètre Lancé).
Stance
The position of the skier's body on the skis.
A good stance is athletic: knees bent, weight centered over the arch of the foot, hands forward.
A 'wide stance' (feet hip-width apart) is modern standard for stability; a 'narrow stance' is old-school (pre-carving skis).
Steeps
Terrain with a gradient typically exceeding 35 or 40 degrees.
Skiing steeps requires managing gravity. Techniques include jump turns and slough management.
Falling on steeps is dangerous as self-arrest is difficult. 'Extreme' skiing starts around 45+ degrees.
Steeze
A portmanteau of 'style' and 'ease'.
Freestyle slang. To ski with steeze means to perform difficult tricks or lines making them look effortless and smooth.
It is the opposite of looking rigid or panicked.
Stem christie
An intermediate turn where the skier stems (opens) the uphill ski into a wedge to initiate, then slides it parallel to finish.
A transitional drill used to teach parallel skiing. It gives the stability of the wedge for the start of the turn but teaches the feeling of parallel skidding at the end.
Stem turn
Initiating a turn by pushing the tail of the uphill ski out.
Similar to the Stem Christie. 'Stemming' creates an angle to push against, making it easier to steer the skis into the fall line before bringing them parallel.
Step-in binding
The standard alpine binding where the boot snaps in by pressing down.
Convenient and safe. The user places the toe in the cup and stomps the heel down to engage the retention mechanism.
Releasing involves pushing the heel lever down.
Stiffness
The resistance of a ski to bending.
A stiff ski is stable at speed and on ice but requires a heavy, skilled skier to bend it into a turn.
A soft ski is forgiving and easy to turn at slow speeds but chatters at high speeds.
Stone grind
Machine tuning that flattens the base and adds structure.
The stone creates a microscopic texture (structure) on the P-Tex base. This texture breaks the suction of water film, preventing the ski from sticking to the snow.
Patterns vary for cold (fine) vs. warm (coarse) snow.
Stopper
European term for the ski brake.
The metal arms that deploy to stop the ski sliding away. 'Stopper width' is a critical spec when buying bindings; it must be slightly wider than the ski waist.
Structure
The pattern of grooves ground into the ski base.
Think of it like the tread on a tire, but for water displacement. A linear structure is fast; a cross-hatch is versatile.
Without structure, a ski feels suctioned to the snow (like two panes of wet glass).
Sunglasses
Eyewear used in bright conditions, often for uphill travel or après-ski.
While goggles are standard for descent, sunglasses ('sunnies') are preferred for ski touring (less foggy/sweaty) and spring skiing.
They must be UV-rated as snow reflects up to 80% of UV rays.
Super-G
Super Giant Slalom. A speed event combining the speed of Downhill with the turning of Giant Slalom.
A 'speed discipline'. There is no training run on the course before the race, only inspection. It tests the skier's ability to improvise a line at 100km/h+.
Surface hoar
Feathery ice crystals that form on the snow surface on cold, clear nights.
Beautiful to look at (sparkly), but dangerous if buried by new snow.
It forms a persistent weak layer (like ball bearings) that triggers slab avalanches.
Switch (skiing backwards)
Skiing backwards.
Essential for freestyle skiing (landing tricks). Requires looking over the shoulder and using twin-tip skis.
'Fakie' is an older term for the same thing.
T-bar
A surface lift shaped like an inverted T that pulls two skiers uphill.
The bar goes under the buttocks, pulling the skiers who remain standing. Notorious for being difficult for snowboarders and for falling over if tracks are icy. Common on glaciers.
Tail
The rear end of the ski.
Tail shape matters. A flat/stiff tail holds the turn until the end (racing). A rounded/rockered tail releases easily (freeride). A twin tail allows switch skiing.
Tech binding (pin binding)
A lightweight touring binding using pins to hold the boot toe.
Invented by Dynafit. Requires boots with metal inserts. The boot pivots on two pins for friction-free walking.
Standard for backcountry skiing due to low weight.
Telemark skis
Skis mounted with bindings that leave the heel free.
The equipment allows for the telemark turn. Modern telemark skis are essentially alpine skis mounted with NTN (New Telemark Norm) or 75mm bindings.
Telemark turn
A turn where the outside ski is trailed behind and the skier lunges, bending the rear knee.
Graceful and rhythmically distinct. The skier weights both skis (often 50/50). It is physically demanding on the quadriceps.
Terrain park
A designated area with jumps, rails, boxes, and halfpipes.
Marked with orange oval signs. Features are rated S, M, L, XL.
Etiquette is strict: call your drop ('dropping!'), don't stop on landings, and clear the way quickly.
Thermal underwear
Long underwear worn as a base layer.
Also called 'long johns'. Essential for warmth. Merino or synthetic is best.
Old school 'waffle' cotton thermals are terrible for skiing because they get wet and cold.
Ticket window
The booth where lift passes are sold.
Often the bottleneck in the morning. Buying online in advance is now standard to avoid the 'window price' (which is higher) and the queue.
Tip
The front point of the ski.
The tip engages the snow to start a turn. Flapping tips at high speed (chatter) is common in rockered skis.
Tip protectors (plastic/metal) prevent delamination from banging skis together.
Toe piece
The front part of the binding.
Handles the lateral (sideways) release in a twisting fall. It must be adjusted to the boot sole height and width (AFD adjustment).
Tomahawk
A violent crash where the skier cartwheels down the slope end-over-end.
Named because the motion resembles a thrown tomahawk axe. It usually happens in deep powder at speed when a tip digs in. It is disorienting and often results in a yard sale.
Torsion
The twisting force applied to a ski.
When a skier tips a ski on edge, the snow pushes back, trying to twist the ski flat. The ski must resist this to hold the turn.
Torsional rigidity
A ski's resistance to twisting.
Critical for ice performance. A ski can be longitudinally soft (bends easily) but torsionally stiff (holds an edge). Carbon fiber wrapping (torsion box) is often used to increase this.
Touring skis
Lightweight skis for uphill and downhill travel.
Construction focuses on saving weight (carbon, paulownia wood). They are usually paired with skins and tech bindings.
The trade-off is often less dampness/stability on hard snow compared to resort skis.
Tram
A large aerial cable car that transports many skiers standing up.
Trams are iconic lifts (e.g., Snowbird, Jackson Hole, Squaw Valley). They consist of two counter-balanced cabins on track cables pulled by a haul rope.
They cover massive vertical rise quickly but often have long wait times between rides due to loading capacity.
Traverse
Skiing across a slope horizontally rather than down the fall line.
Used to maintain altitude while moving to a different area or to cross a steep section safely.
The skier must weight the downhill ski and keep the uphill edge engaged to prevent slipping sideways.
Tree well
A void or area of loose snow around the trunk of a tree underneath its lower branches.
A deadly hazard. The branches prevent snow from packing tight near the trunk. If a skier falls headfirst into a tree well, they can become trapped inverted, leading to Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS).
The more they struggle, the deeper they sink. Always ski with a buddy in trees.
Tuck
An aerodynamic crouch position used to gain maximum speed.
The skier squats low, hands in front of the face, elbows inside the knees, and back flat.
Used in Downhill racing and on flat cat tracks to minimize wind resistance (drag).
Twin tip
A ski with an upturned tail as well as an upturned tip.
Revolutionized skiing in the late 90s. It allows for taking off and landing jumps backward (switch).
It is the standard shape for freestyle and park skis. Note that the effective edge is shorter than on a flat-tail ski of the same length.
Unweighting
Reducing the pressure on the skis to facilitate a turn initiation.
Can be 'up-unweighting' (extending the body quickly to lift mass) or 'down-unweighting' (retracting legs quickly).
It breaks the friction with the snow momentarily, allowing the skis to be pivoted easily.
Upper body separation
Keeping the torso facing down the fall line while the legs and skis turn back and forth underneath.
The hallmark of advanced skiing. It creates 'anticipation' (tension) in the core muscles, allowing for quicker edge changes and better balance in bumps.
If the upper body swings with the skis, it is called 'rotation' (a flaw).
Vents / Zippers
Openings in ski outerwear to allow heat to escape.
Crucial for temperature regulation. 'Pit zips' (underarm) for jackets and thigh vents for pants.
They are usually mesh-lined to prevent snow entry while allowing airflow during hiking or warm spring days.
Visor
A built-in lens attached to a helmet, or the brim of a helmet.
Visor helmets integrate the goggles into the helmet shell. They are popular for people who wear prescription glasses (OTG).
However, they can sometimes have issues with wind sealing compared to separate goggles.
Waist width
The width of the ski at its narrowest point (under the boot).
The primary metric for ski categorization. Narrow (<85mm) is for carving/ice; Medium (85-100mm) is all-mountain; Wide (>100mm) is for powder/freeride.
Wider waists float better but are slower from edge-to-edge.
Walk mode
A switch on ski boots that unlocks the cuff for mobility.
Essential for ski touring and comfortable après-ski. It disengages the connection between the upper and lower shell, allowing the ankle to articulate naturally.
In 'ski mode', it locks the spine for rigid power transfer.
Waterproofing
The resistance of fabric to water penetration.
Measured in millimeters (e.g., 20,000mm). This means a column of water 20m high could sit on the fabric before leaking.
Achieved via membranes (Gore-Tex) or DWR (Durable Water Repellent) chemical coatings.
Wax
Hydrophobic compound applied to the base.
It lubricates the ski by managing water film. 'Hot wax' (ironed in) conditions the base deeply. 'Rub-on wax' is a temporary fix.
Fluorocarbon waxes are being phased out due to environmental toxicity (forever chemicals).
Weight transfer
Shifting body mass from one ski to the other.
Turning relies on transferring weight to the 'outside' ski (the downhill ski).
If weight remains on the inside ski, the skier will likely fall or cross their tips.
Whiteout
Weather conditions with zero visibility where the sky and snow merge.
Caused by heavy snow, fog, and flat light. It causes vertigo because the eye loses all reference points and horizon lines.
Skiers must ski by 'feel' or follow tree lines/piste markers closely.
Wind-blown
Snow that has been packed or eroded by strong winds.
Often creates a 'wind crust' or 'wind board' which is firm and hollow-sounding.
While tricky to ski, wind-blown slopes (wind load) can also hold deep pockets of snow, but are prime locations for slab avalanches.
Wind-lip
A wave-like drift of snow formed by wind.
Wind lips are fun, natural features that skiers use as jumps or banks to slash turns against (like a surfer on a wave).
They are usually found on ridges or at the top of gullies.
Windbreaker
A light, uninsulated jacket designed to block wind.
Useful for spring skiing or high-output touring where a heavy shell is too hot.
It prevents convective cooling (wind chill) but offers little warmth or heavy rain protection.
Yard sale
A spectacular crash where the skier loses skis, poles, and sometimes goggles or helmet, scattering gear across the slope.
Slang derived from the visual similarity to a neighborhood yard sale where items are spread out on the lawn.
Retrieving the gear (especially up a steep powder slope) is the 'walk of shame'.
